DNS Protocol – Chain DNS servers

The Domain Name System (DNS) protocol is a fundamental component of the Internet, facilitating the translation of human-readable domain names into IP addresses, which are used by computers to identify each other on the network. This system allows users to access websites and other resources using easy-to-remember domain names instead of numerical IP addresses.

Working of the DNS Protocol

The Domain Name System (DNS) protocol is essential for translating human-readable domain names into IP addresses, enabling users to access websites and other online resources without needing to memorize numerical IP addresses. Here’s a detailed description of how the DNS protocol works, including the role of various DNS servers in the process:

Overview of DNS Operation

1. User Request: A user initiates a DNS query by entering a domain name (e.g., www.example.com) in their web browser.
2. DNS Resolver: The query is first sent to a DNS resolver, usually provided by the user’s Internet Service Provider (ISP) or configured manually.
3. Recursive Query: The resolver takes on the task of resolving the domain name into an IP address by querying a series of DNS servers in a hierarchical manner.

Chain of DNS Servers

1. DNS Resolver (Recursive Resolver):

• Function: Acts as an intermediary between the client and DNS servers. It handles the process of resolving the domain name fully.
• Query Handling: If the resolver has the requested domain name’s IP address in its cache, it returns the cached IP address to the client. If not, it proceeds with the DNS resolution process by querying other DNS servers.

2. Root DNS Servers:

• Function: Serve as the top level in the DNS hierarchy, directing queries to the appropriate top-level domain (TLD) servers.
• Query Handling: When queried by the resolver, a root DNS server does not have the IP address for the requested domain but provides a referral to the TLD DNS server responsible for the relevant TLD (e.g., .com, .org).

3. Top-Level Domain (TLD) DNS Servers:

• Function: Handle queries for domain names within specific top-level domains.
• Query Handling: When the resolver queries a TLD DNS server (e.g., for .com), it does not have the IP address for the specific domain but provides a referral to the authoritative DNS server for the domain’s second-level domain (e.g., example.com).

4. Authoritative DNS Servers:

• Function: Contain the actual DNS records for the specific domain name, including A records (IPv4 addresses), AAAA records (IPv6 addresses), MX records (mail servers), and more.
• Query Handling: When queried by the resolver, the authoritative DNS server responds with the IP address of the requested domain (e.g., the IP address for www.example.com).

Detailed Step-by-Step DNS Resolution Process

1. User Enters Domain Name:
   • A user types “www.example.com” into their browser.
2. Query to DNS Resolver:
   • The user’s device sends a DNS query to its configured DNS resolver.
3. Resolver Checks Cache:
   • The resolver checks its local cache for the IP address of www.example.com. If found, it returns the IP address to the user’s device. If not, it proceeds to query the root DNS servers.
4. Query to Root DNS Server:
   • The resolver sends a query to a root DNS server. The root DNS server responds with a referral to the appropriate TLD DNS server, such as the .com TLD server.
5. Query to TLD DNS Server:
   • The resolver queries the .com TLD DNS server. The TLD server responds with a referral to the authoritative DNS server for example.com.
6. Query to Authoritative DNS Server:
   • The resolver queries the authoritative DNS server for example.com. The authoritative server responds with the IP address for www.example.com.
7. Response to User’s Device:
   • The resolver caches the IP address for future queries and returns the IP address to the user’s device.
8. User Accesses Website:
   • The user’s device uses the IP address to establish a connection with the web server hosting www.example.com and retrieves the website.

DNS Record Types Involved

• A Record: Maps a domain name to an IPv4 address.
• AAAA Record: Maps a domain name to an IPv6 address.
• CNAME Record: Maps a domain name to another domain name.
• MX Record: Specifies the mail servers for a domain.
• NS Record: Specifies the authoritative name servers for a domain.

Caching and TTL (Time to Live)

• Caching: DNS resolvers and other DNS servers cache the responses to DNS queries to reduce the load on DNS servers and speed up the resolution process for future queries.
• TTL: Each DNS record has a TTL value indicating how long it should be cached. Once the TTL expires, the record is removed from the cache, and a new query is made if needed.

Security Measures: DNSSEC

Adds a layer of security to DNS by enabling DNS responses to be authenticated. This helps prevent attacks such as DNS spoofing and cache poisoning by ensuring that the responses received are from the legitimate source.